TOOTLING WHILE ROME BURNS
The first reference to hydraulis-playing, in the form of a "delphic inscription" was in 90 BCE. The instrument was introduced to Rome where Cicero, Lucretius, and Petronius wrote of its powers. Nero didn't fiddle (the violin hadn't been invented yet!) but he is said to have played the hydraulis (perhaps even while Rome burned).

GUITAR OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES
The hydraulis spread throughout the Mediterranean region and is recorded as having been played at banquets, games and circuses. This is a very different vision of the organ than most Americans have today, who often link organs to more serious occasions.

AN ORGAN BY FEDERAL EXPRESS
In 757, Byzantine Emperor Constantius sent an organ and other costly gifts as peace offerings to Pepin the Short, King of the Franks. His act had remarkable consequences. In order that the gift might be copied, a Venetian monk was requested to teach organ building methods to students. From that time onward, the organ spread throughout Europe.

OUT OF THE CIRCUS AND INTO THE CHURCH
The organ began making its way into churches around 900 CE. Exactly how and why remains an enigma, but it appears that the organ was first used for ceremonial purposes. By the 1400s, the use of organs was well established in monastic churches and cathedrals throughout Europe. Large and small organs were in use on festival occasions and in alternation with church choirs for liturgical purposes. While most Americans may link the organ to the church, the instrument was around for more than 1100 years before it made its way into a church setting.

PULLING OUT ALL THE STOPS
Until about 1500, organs could only make one sound, regardless of how many pipes they had per note. Mechanisms were developed so that separate sets of pipes could be "stopped off." This meant they could be played alone, providing some variation in dynamics (degrees of loud and soft) and color. Today, we routinely associate the organ with the ability to generate an array of sounds -- as well as the power to make a splash by "pulling out all the stops."

THE FIRST "MODERN" ORGAN
Between 1510 and 1520 a type of organ appeared in the upper Rhineland which incorporated virtually all features to be found in present-day organs. The "modern" organ, with all of its new stops and effects, was described in a work entitled Mirror of the Organbuilder by Arnolt Schlick of Heidelberg (1511).

JOHN WAYNE'S WESTERNS NEVER SHOWED THIS
In 1524 the first music school in Mexico was established by Spanish missionaries. Organ building was among the subjects taught. Native peoples displayed a gift for organ building and soon were building organs independently. When the Cathedral in Mexico City desired a second large instrument, in 1735, it was a Mexican, José Nassarre, who was hired to build the organ.

NOT JUST A LOT OF WIVES
An inventory of the estate of Henry VIII, taken in 1547, revealed that he owned dozens of chamber organs, regals, and claviorgana (an instrument that used strings and pipes).

BEFORE THE EUROPEAN UNION
In 1599, Queen Elizabeth of England, seeking trade favors, sent a self-playing organ as a gift to the Sultan of Turkey. During Elizabeth's reign, keyboard music flourished; she encouraged notable composers such as Byrd, Bull and Gibbons.

NOT FOR PURITANS
Fearing Puritan persecution, members of the famed Dallam and Harris organ building families fled England for Brittany in 1642. Oliver Cromwell's Puritan movement, in power as of 1649, was responsible for destroying many organs and other works of art in English Churches. For the Puritans, the organ and its music represented anything but the piety and religiosity with which we often associate it.

BATTLE OF THE ORGANS
Famed composer Henry Purcell, appointed organist to the Chapel Royal of Charles II in 1682, played one of the organs in the great "battle of organs". The battle, between builders Harris and Smith, was to decide which builder should build the organ for London's Temple Church. Smith won!

PAUL'S REVERED ORGAN
In 1759 Thomas Johnston, a native of Boston, built an organ for Old North Church where Paul Revere was the sexton. The church was soon to become famous as a result of Revere's ride. The organ was enlarged many times and recently a new organ was build by David Moore, of Vermont, and the beautiful Johnston case restored.

GEORGE & THE ORGAN
Organs, an integral part of American society since its very beginnings, were exported to the American colonies before the Revolution. An organ by John Snetzler, official organ builder to King George III of England, was given by George Washington's physician, Dr. Samuel Bard to Bard's daughter, who played the instrument for the Father of our country.

HAYDN'S HIDDEN ORGAN
Composer Joseph Haydn wrote a set of pieces in 1772 to be played on a mechanical organ located in a clock.

THEY ALL PLAYED THE ORGAN
Mozart and Beethoven were both court organists. Mozart's appointment came in 1779 to the court of Salzburg and Beethoven's in 1784 to the court of Elector Max Franz. While we often associate J.S. Bach closely with the organ, many today do not think of Mozart and Beethoven as court organists. These positions were ones of importance to the composers, the courts and the people of western Europe. Other famous composers who were organists: Handel, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Franck, Dvorak, Bruckner, Fauré, Ives, and Messiaen.

MOZART WAS HIGH ON THE ORGAN
"In my eyes and ears...the king of instruments" (taken from a letter to his father dated 17-18 October 1777)

ORGANS AND THE MODERN AGE
Organs from several countries were featured in the 1851 Great Exhibition in London's Crystal Palace. In 1855 Joshua C. Stoddard of Worcester, England introduced a steam-powered organ called the calliope. The Worcester City Council banned him from playing it within the city limits because it was so loud. In 1896 Robert Hope-Jones built an organ with electric action embodying some radical tonal ideas for the Worcester (MA) Cathedral. In 1934 Laurens Hammond patented an electronic keyboard instrument called the "Hammond Organ".

HEARINGS ON THE ORGAN
One of the liveliest chapters in American organ history began in 1934 when Laurens Hammond (owner of a clock manufacturing company) patented an electronic keyboard instrument called the "Hammond Organ". Hammond claimed that the instrument could equal a pipe organ in its range of harmonics and could produce the tone colors necessary for proper rendition of the great works of organ literature. Counter-claims were made by organ builders in organ periodicals. Complaints were filed with the Federal Trade Commission in 1935 and hearings were held in Chicago, Atlantic City and Washington, D.C. The outcome: In 1938, the FTC ordered the Hammond company to cease its claims that the instrument could equal a pipe organ.

NO STOPPING DISCRIMINATION
English organ recitalist and composer Elizabeth Stirling passed all of the requirements for a degree in music at Oxford in 1856. The degree was not awarded because only males were eligible for Oxford degrees. Fortunately, times have changed. Today, males and females routinely hold positions as organists throughout our country -- and Oxford degrees are awarded to both sexes.

ORGANS IN UTAH AND BOSTON
Joseph Ridges built the first organ in the Mormon Tabernacle, in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1869. The same year witnessed the first Peace Jubilee held in Boston with an orchestra of 800, a chorus of 10,000, and a large organ made by the Hook & Hastings Organ Co. While 17th-century audiences consisted mostly of the aristocracy, music lovers from various economic and social strata began attending concerts during the 19th- and 20th-centuries which witnessed an increase in the size of performing ensembles, concert halls and organs.

MORE COMPLEX THAN WE REALIZE
According to Sir George Grove in his famous Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1889: "The organ is, together with the clock, the most complex of all mechanical instruments developed before the Industrial Revolution. Among musical instruments its history is the most involved and wide-ranging, and its extant repertory the oldest and largest...No other instrument has inspired such avowed respect as the organ."

BEFORE THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS
Many great industrialists of the 19th century became patrons of the arts. For example, Andrew Carnegie began giving away organs in 1873 and organs made possible by gifts from Carnegie were installed in 8,812 churches, schools and civic institutions.

ORGAN SYMPHONY
In 1886 composer Camille Saint-Saens composed his third Symphony, the "Organ" symphony which includes a major part for an organ. This was the first work to place the organ in a prominent role in a symphonic setting.

MOVIES!
In 1910 the Wurlitzer company began building organs with special sound effects designed for use in movie theatres to accompany silent films. Large and spectacular organs could be found in beautifully crafted art deco movie theaters across America. Many a mighty Wurlitzer was switched off and many an organist out of a job when "talkies" successfully integrated sound on film.

PIPES WERE BIG BUSINESS
Pipe organs became big business in America. In just one year, 1927, 2,400 pipe organs were made (compared to 1,200 in 1909). In the early 20th century organs reached an unprecedented popularity as instruments for concerts, entertainment and education. Organs were built in concert halls, municipal buildings, universities, homes and even public schools. Marcel Dupré, the great French organist and composer, played 110 recitals in 1923-24 and French virtuoso Louis Vierne's tour of America included audiences of up to 30,000 per concert.

MUSIC TO SHOP BY
John Wanamaker, the owner of the largest department in the United States, and a patron of the arts and lover of music, built an organ in the center of his Philadelphia store. According to internationally known organist Louis Vierne, who journeyed from France to perform in America in 1927, the organ was the largest in the world at the time. Vierne recounts his experiences with the instrument: "In the evening the center of the store is transformed into an immense concert hall capable of holding more than ten thousand persons. I played before the audience with an emotion which I shall remember all my life."

ORGANS ON THE AIR
The first concert broadcast of organ music was made in 1922 in New York.

VIRTUOSO IN CHATTANOOGA
Famed organist Edwin Lemare was appointed city organist in Chattanooga, TN in 1925.

ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL
Some 5,000 people were on hand in 1928 when organist Pietro Yon dedicated the new Kilgen organ in New York City's St. Patrick's Cathedral.

ROCKEFELLER CENTER HAS ONE, TOO
In 1939 Rockefeller Center completed its theater organ. It proved to be the last large theater organ built in the United States.

WAR PUTS THE STOPS ON ORGANS
Beginning in 1941, organ building in the U.S. and Europe came to a virtual standstill for five years. In Europe, times were even harder for organs. Many historic European organs, some of them centuries old, were destroyed by bombing, fires and vandalism.

BIG RECORDINGS
E. Power Biggs was the first American organist to make commercial recordings of historic northern European organs in 1954.

BACK TO THE FUTURE
In 1961 Charles Fisk built an organ for a church in Baltimore, Maryland, the first of many organs inspired by historical European models to be built by his firm. Today many American organ building firms, located in every region of the country, emulate historical methods and techniques and create instruments which are a unique American blend of the old and the new.

ORGAN IN CHATTANOOGA
In 1986 famed organ builder John Brombaugh built two historically-inspired organs for Southern College, in Chattanooga, TN. The large instrument, with 4,860 pipes, is the largest mechanical-action organ ever built in the United States.

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